Public Open Spaces and Leisure-Time Walking: A Longitudinal Study With Brazilian People in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

AIM: To examine whether changes in public open spaces (POS) were associated with leisure-time walking (LTW) between 2014 and 2021. METHODS: The sample comprised a prospective cohort of individuals living in São Paulo City, Brazil. The baseline sample was collected in 2014/2015 (4042 people aged 12 y or older) and the second wave in 2020/2021 (1431 people aged 18 y or older, 35.4% of total). Changes in POS scores in 500-m network buffers were based on household address, including positive or negative maintenance and increases or decreases in parks, public squares, and bike paths between 2015 and 2020. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to evaluate LTW in the baseline and second wave. To examine the association of LTW with changes in POS, we used multilevel models in 4 levels: health administration areas, census tracts, individuals, and observations of individuals. The exposure was the POS tertiles, and the outcome was LTW. RESULTS: Changes in LTW prevalence were observed in both periods and according to POS tertiles distributions. When adjusted for time (baseline/second wave), gender, education, and age, the highest POS tertile was significantly associated with a high likelihood for LTW (odds ratio = 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.02). CONCLUSION: The results showed that people in São Paulo who lived within 500-m buffers with the highest access to POS were more likely to practice LTW between 2014/2015 and 2020/2021. These results have important implications for policies that were implemented in 2014, including the New Master Plan to contribute to São Paulo's good ranking among healthy cities.

Methodology for using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-MAPS in the city of São Paulo / Metodologia de utilização do Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-MAPS na cidade de São Paulo

The Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-Global (MAPS Global) is an international instru-ment that aims to characterize the variability of pedestrian environments related to physical activity at the microscale level, being a reliable tool that allows comparisons between locations with different contexts. In this regard, the objective of the present study is to describe the methodological process adopted in the Health Survey of São Paulo or Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA) in portu-guese ­ Physical Activity and Environment survey for the microscale environment assessment with the MAPS-Global instrument. The use of the method in São Paulo city involved several steps and adaptations relevant to the context of the study, such as: meetings with the group responsible for the validation of the method in Brazil, training of researchers for data collection, review of sections and questions and instrument hosting on Google forms, georeferencing of households and preparation of routes, training and certification of evaluators, and data collection procedures. The environment audit presented challenges, even though it was an exclusively online process, 25 months were required for all the stages development since the audit involved a considerable sample of 1,434 subjects, an increased evaluation coverage in cross-segment sections, and a team of seven evaluators. For future data collection it is suggested to consider the time available for auditing, the size of the team for the selected sample, as well as the possibility of adapting the instrument, such as the inclusion or removal of items according to the local context or reality of the study

O Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes-Global (MAPS-Global) é um instrumento internacional que visa caracterizar a variabilidade de ambientes de pedestres relacionados à atividade física ao nível de microescala, sendo uma ferramenta confiável que permite comparações entre locais com diferentes contextos. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever o processo metodológico adotado na pesquisa Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA) - Atividade Física e Ambiente para a avaliação da microescala do ambiente com o instrumento MAPS-Global. A utilização do método na cidade de São Paulo envolveu diversas etapas e adaptações relevantes para o contexto do estudo, inicialmente foram realizadas reuniões com o grupo responsável por validar o método no Brasil, treinamento dos pesquisadores para coletas de dados, revisão dos blocos e questões, hospedagem do instrumento no Google forms, georreferenciamento dos domicílios, elaboração das rotas, treinamento e certificação dos avaliadores e procedimentos de coletas de dados. A auditagem do ambiente apresentou desafios, mesmo se tratando de um processo exclusivamente online, foram necessários 25 meses para o desenvolvimento de todas as etapas do estudo, pois a avaliação envolveu 1.434 sujeitos, aumento da cobertura da avaliação nas seções dos segmentos e cruzamentos e uma equipe de sete avaliadores. Sugere-se para coletas futuras que seja observado o tempo disponível para auditagem, o tamanho da equipe para a amostra selecionada, bem como a possibilidade realizar adaptações no instrumento como a inclusão ou retirada de itens conforme contexto ou realidade local do estudo

Status and Trends of Physical Activity Surveillance, Policy, and Research in 164 Countries: Findings From the Global Observatory for Physical Activity-GoPA! 2015 and 2020 Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. METHODS: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. RESULTS: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world's population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world's population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. CONCLUSION: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.

Validity of low-cost measures for global surveillance of physical activity in pre-school children: The SUNRISE validation study.

OBJECTIVES: To validate parent-reported child habitual total physical activity against accelerometry and three existing step-count thresholds for classifying 3 h/day of total physical activity in pre-schoolers from 13 culturally and geographically diverse countries. DESIGN: Cross-sectional validation study. METHODS: We used data involving 3- and 4-year-olds from 13 middle- and high-income countries who participated in the SUNRISE study. We used Spearman's rank-order correlation, Bland-Altman plots, and Kappa statistics to validate parent-reported child habitual total physical activity against activPAL™-measured total physical activity over 3 days. Additionally, we used Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve analysis to validate existing step-count thresholds (Gabel, Vale, and De Craemer) using step-counts derived from activPAL™. RESULTS: Of the 352 pre-schoolers, 49.1 % were girls. There was a very weak but significant positive correlation and slight agreement between parent-reported total physical activity and accelerometer-measured total physical activity (r: 0.140; p = 0.009; Kappa: 0.030). Parents overestimated their child's total physical activity compared to accelerometry (mean bias: 69 min/day; standard deviation: 126; 95 % limits of agreement: -179, 316). Of the three step-count thresholds tested, the De Craemer threshold of 11,500 steps/day provided excellent classification of meeting the total physical activity guideline as measured by accelerometry (area under the ROC curve: 0.945; 95 % confidence interval: 0.928, 0.961; sensitivity: 100.0 %; specificity: 88.9 %). CONCLUSIONS: Parent reports may have limited validity for assessing pre-schoolers' level of total physical activity. Step-counting is a promising alternative - low-cost global surveillance initiatives could potentially use pedometers for assessing compliance with the physical activity guideline in early childhood.

Use of an Elevated Avenue for Leisure-Time Physical Activity by Adults from Downtown São Paulo, Brazil.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is associated with access and use of public open spaces. The President João Goulart Elevated Avenue, currently denominated Minhocão, is a facility for leisure activities that is open for people during the night and weekends. The aim of this study was to examine if the prevalence of LTPA among individuals living in the surroundings of Minhocão is different according to proximity to, and use of, the facility. We conducted a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling with people aged ≥18 years who lived in households up to 500 m, and between 501 m and 1500 m of Minhocão. The survey was conducted between December 2017 and March 2019 using an electronic questionnaire. We conducted a bivariate analysis and Poisson regression to examine possible differences in LTPA according to the proximity of residences and use of Minhocão. The analysis used post-stratification weights. A total of 12,030 telephone numbers of people were drawn (≤500 m = 6942; and >500 m to ≤1500 m = 5088). The final sample included 235 residents who returned the questionnaires. There was a higher prevalence of individuals engaging in at least 150 min per week of LTPA among users than non-users (Prevalence Ratio = 2.19, IC95% 1.66 to 2.90), independently of sex, age, education, the distance of houses to nearest accesses and number of barriers. The main five barriers related to the usage of the Minhocão were safety issues in and around the Minhocão, rainy weather, lack of vegetation, and lack of facilities. People who used the park had higher prevalence of all types of LTPA than non-users. The results can serve to inform government decision-making on the future of Minhocão.

Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: Recommendations Report.

BACKGROUND: This article presents the recommendations from the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: A steering committee composed of a chair, 6 experts in physical activity, and representatives from the Ministry of Health/Brazil, Pan American Health Organization, Brazilian Society of Physical Activity and Health designed the guidelines, which was implemented by 8 working groups, as follows: (1) understanding physical activity, (2) children up to 5 years old, (3) children and youth from 6 to 17 years old, (4) adults, (5) older adults (60 years and above), (6) physical education at school, (7) pregnant and postpartum women, and (8) people with disabilities. The methodological steps included evidence syntheses, hearings with key stakeholders, and public consultation. RESULTS: Across 8 chapters, the guidelines provide definitions of physical activity and sedentary behavior, informing target groups on types of physical activity, dosage (frequency, intensity, and duration), benefits, and supporting network for physical activity adoption. The guidelines are openly available in Portuguese, Spanish, English, and Braille and in audio versions, with a supplementary guide for health professionals and decision makers, and a report about the preparation and references. CONCLUSIONS: The Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population provide evidence-based recommendations, being a public-directed resource to contribute to the physical activity promotion in Brazil.

Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: Development and Methods.

BACKGROUND: This article describes the process and methods used in the development of the first ever Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: The steering committee established 8 working groups based on other guidelines and the Brazilian agenda for public health and physical activity (PA) promotion: (1) understanding PA; (2) children up to 5 years; (3) children and youth (6-17 y); (4) adults; (5) older adults (60 years and above); (6) physical education at school; (7) pregnant and postpartum women; and (8) people with disabilities. Working groups were formed to (1) synthesize the literature on each topic; (2) conduct workshops with stakeholders, health professionals, researchers, and the public; and (3) prepare a draft chapter for open online consultation. RESULTS: The document provides guidance for the population on the benefits of being active and recommendations regarding the amount (frequency, intensity, and duration) of PA recommended across all chapters. It also includes information on supporting networks for PA. CONCLUSIONS: The PA guidelines are widely accessible in Portuguese, including versions in English, Spanish, audiobook, and Braille, and will assist policy makers and professionals from several sectors to promote PA. The ultimate goal is to increase population levels of PA in Brazil.

RBAFS: análise dos artigos originais publicados entre 2016 e 2020 / RBAFS: analysis of original studies published between 2016 and 2020

Com objetivo de analisar as características das publicações do periódico relacionado ao tema "atividade física e saúde", foi conduzida uma revisão de escopo a partir dos estudos originais publicados na Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde entre 2016 e 2020. Foram avaliados e encaminhados para a síntese os artigos originais que envolveram amostras de seres humanos, independente da abrangência dos dados, contexto de pesquisa, delineamentos, fenômenos e temas estudados e abordagem utilizada para a coleta e análise de dados. A partir dos dados de 207 artigos, observou--se maiores frequências de primeiros autores afiliados às instituições localizadas na região Sul do país; com estudos conduzidos em cidades da mesma região; pesquisas de desenho transversal com abordagens quantitativas à coleta e análise dos dados; que envolveram amostras com indivíduos de ambos os sexos; indivíduos adultos; com recrutamento nos cenários de atenção primária à saúde e tamanho amostral de até 50 indivíduos e com objetivos de identificar correlatos e fatores associados à atividade física. Visto o cenário de produtividade e competitividade entre pesquisadores e periódicos interessados no tema atividade física e saúde, esforços são necessários para que a revista aumente seu potencial como opção primária de submissão entre os pares da área

Aiming to analyze the characteristics of journal publications related to the theme "physical activity and health", a scoping review was conducted from the original studies published in the Brazilian Journal of Physical Activity and Health between 2016 and 2020. Original articles that involved samples of human beings were evaluated and referred for synthesis, regardless of the scope of data, research context, research designs, phenomena and themes studied, and approach used for data collection and analysis. From the data of 207 articles, we observed higher frequencies of first authors affiliated with institutions based in the southern region of the country; with studies conducted in cities in the same region; research of cross-sectional design with quantitative approaches to data collection and analysis; that involved samples with individuals of both sexes; adult individuals; with recruitment in primary health care settings and sample size of up to 50 individuals and with the objectives of identifying correlates and factors associated with physical activity. Given the scenario of productivity and competitiveness among researchers and journals interested in the theme physical activity and health, efforts are needed for the journal to increase its potential as a primary option for submission among peers in the area

Smartphone apps for tracking physical activity and sedentary behavior: A criterion validity review / Aplicativos de smartphone para monitorar a atividade física e o comportamento sedentário: uma revisão sistemática de estudos de validação

Smartphone apps have been developed and investigated in validation studies for tracking human be-havior such as physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). However, as it is unclear whether these apps are valid for tracking PA and SB when compared to research-grade accelerometers, thus, this systematic review aimed to investigate the validity of smartphone apps for tracking PA and SB using the accelerometer as a criterion measure. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SportDiscus, and Scopus databases. The mean percentage difference (MPD) was used to evaluate criterion validity. Ten studies (n = 662) validating different apps using ActiGraph accelerometers as criteria measure (six were conducted in free-living conditions, two in laboratory conditions, and two in both conditions) were included for analyses. While four apps were considered valid for tracking PA, six were not valid or fully valid. The MPD analysis revealed that apps provide no valid scores for tracking PA measures (MPD = -12.6 ­ 37.7). The scarcity of studies investigat-ing SB limits the tracking of the results on this behavior. Study designs, smartphone location, and exercise intensity tend to affect the accuracy of apps tracking PA; thus, the current review showed conflicting results among studies. This review shows that it is not possible to generalize the valid scores for all apps

Aplicativos para smartphones têm sido desenvolvidos e investigados em estudos de validação para rastrea-mento de comportamento humano, como atividade física (AF) e comportamento sedentário (CS). No entan-to, como não está claro se esses aplicativos são válidos para rastrear AF e CS quando comparados a acelerôme-tros de grau de pesquisa, portanto, essa revisão sistemática teve o objetivo investigar a validade de aplicativos de smartphone para rastreamento de AF e CS usando o acelerômetro como medida de critério. Uma busca sistemática foi realizada em quatro bases de dados. A diferença percentual média (MPD) foi utilizada para avaliar a validade de critério. Dez estudos (n = 662) validando diferentes aplicativos usando acelerômetros ActiGraph como medida de critério (seis foram realizados em condições de vida diária, dois em condições de laboratório e dois em ambas as condições) foram incluídos para análise. Enquanto quatro aplicativos foram considerados válidos para rastreamento de AF, seis não eram válidos ou totalmente válidos. A análise do MPD revelou que os aplicativos não fornecem pontuações válidas para rastrear medidas de AF (MPD = -12,6 ­ 37,7). A escassez de estudos investigando o CS limita o rastreamento dos resultados sobre esse comportamento. Desenhos de estudo, localização do smartphone e intensidade do exercício tendem a afetar a precisão dos aplicativos que rastreiam AF; assim, a presente revisão mostrou resultados conflitantes entre os estudos. Esta revisão mostra que não é possível generalizar as pontuações válidas para todos os aplicativos.

Effects of community health worker-based interventions on physical activity levels in children: a systematic review / Efeitos de intervenções conduzidas por agentes comunitários de saúde nos níveis de atividade física em crianças: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the strategies and effects of interventions carried out by community health workers (CHW) on physical activity (PA) levels in children and adolescents. Data source: In August 2020, a systematic review, designed according to the PRISMA checklist items, was conducted by searches in seven electronic databases and in reference lists. Original studies were searched without restriction with regard to year of publication; they were written in Spanish, English or Portuguese and examined interventions implemented by CHW, involving theoretical and/or practical contents of PA, with a focus on children and/or adolescents between three and 19 years of age. Data synthesis: Of the 2,321 studies initially retrieved, eight were included, targeting samples with more specific characteristics (e.g., clinical, ethnic and/or socioeconomic). In all studies, CHW were trained to lead educational activities. In three non-controlled trials, positive results were observed, involving indicators such as moderate and vigorous PA and physical inactivity reduction. Also, two positive results were found in reducing sedentary behavior. Conclusions: Even though most of the interventions included did not have a significant effect on increasing PA levels, the available findings reinforce the role of CHW as an important strategy for dialogue between health services and the most vulnerable communities, and they suggest a greater articulation of these professionals in the actions developed in the school context.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as estratégias e os efeitos de intervenções conduzidas por agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) nos níveis de atividade física (AF) em crianças e adolescentes. Fontes de dados: Em agosto de 2020, uma revisão sistemática, delineada de acordo com os itens da lista de verificação PRISMA, foi desenvolvida por meio de buscas em sete bases de dados eletrônicas e em listas de referências. Foram procurados estudos originais, sem restrição quanto ao ano de sua publicação, escritos em espanhol, inglês e português, que desenvolveram intervenções implementadas por ACS envolvendo conteúdos teóricos e/ou práticas de AF com foco em crianças e/ou adolescentes na faixa entre os 3 e os 19 anos de idade. Síntese dos dados: Dos 2.321 estudos inicialmente avaliados, foram incluídos oito, direcionados a amostras com características mais específicas (clínicas, étnicas e/ou socioeconômicas). Em todos os estudos, ACS receberam treinamento prévio para a condução de atividades educativas. Em três ensaios não controlados foram observados resultados positivos envolvendo indicadores de AF moderadas, vigorosas e redução da inatividade física. Complementarmente, dois resultados positivos foram encontrados na redução do comportamento sedentário. Conclusões: Mesmo que a maior parte das intervenções incluídas não tenha apresentado efeitos significativos no aumento dos níveis de AF, a evidência disponível reforça o papel dos ACS como uma importante estratégia de diálogo entre os serviços de saúde e as comunidades mais vulneráveis e sugere maior articulação desses profissionais nas ações desenvolvidas no contexto escolar.

Effects of community health worker-based interventions on physical activity levels in children: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the strategies and effects of interventions carried out by community health workers (CHW) on physical activity (PA) levels in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE: In August 2020, a systematic review, designed according to the PRISMA checklist items, was conducted by searches in seven electronic databases and in reference lists. Original studies were searched without restriction with regard to year of publication; they were written in Spanish, English or Portuguese and examined interventions implemented by CHW, involving theoretical and/or practical contents of PA, with a focus on children and/or adolescents between three and 19 years of age. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 2,321 studies initially retrieved, eight were included, targeting samples with more specific characteristics (e.g., clinical, ethnic and/or socioeconomic). In all studies, CHW were trained to lead educational activities. In three non-controlled trials, positive results were observed, involving indicators such as moderate and vigorous PA and physical inactivity reduction. Also, two positive results were found in reducing sedentary behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Even though most of the interventions included did not have a significant effect on increasing PA levels, the available findings reinforce the role of CHW as an important strategy for dialogue between health services and the most vulnerable communities, and they suggest a greater articulation of these professionals in the actions developed in the school context.

[Identification and analysis of national physical activity guidelines in the Americas]. / Identificação e análise das diretrizes nacionais de atividade física nas Américas.

Given the potential of institutional approaches to health promotion, this study sought to identify the countries on the American continent which have national physical activity (PA) guidelines approved by their national health agencies. A scoping review was conducted in May 2019, with a search conducted in five electronic databases, national health agency websites and contacts with members of the Physical Activity Network of the Americas. In all, national PA guidelines were found in ten of the 36 countries surveyed (27.8%), published between 2011 and 2018, the majority being in South American countries (n = 6). All guidelines presented "approaches and strategies for primary health care," "PA recommendations for health," and the "involvement of different PA domains," however, few guidelines addressed "constructed environment and infrastructure" (n = 3), as well as "monitoring and surveillance actions" (n = 5). The conclusion can be drawn that, although few countries on the American continent have guidelines for PA and that the majority of those available address PA in a limited way, new national guidelines, based on the complexity of the determinants, monitoring and consequences of PA are needed to guide and foster policies to promote PA within the population.

Visto o potencial das abordagens institucionais à promoção da saúde, o presente estudo buscou identificar os países do continente americano que possuem diretrizes nacionais de atividade física (AF) chanceladas por órgãos nacionais de saúde. Em maio de 2019 realizou-se uma revisão de escopo, com buscas em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, sítios eletrônicos dos órgãos nacionais de saúde e contato com integrantes da Rede de Atividade Física das Américas. Foram encontradas diretrizes nacionais de AF em dez dos 36 países pesquisados (27,8%), publicadas entre 2011 e 2018, com maioria nos países da América do Sul (n=6). Todas as diretrizes apresentaram "abordagens e estratégias para a atenção primária em saúde", "recomendações de AF para a saúde" e o "envolvimento de distintos domínios da AF", contudo, poucas diretrizes abordaram o "ambiente construído e infraestrutura" (n=3), assim como "ações de monitoramento e vigilância" (n=5). Pode-se concluir que, ao passo que poucos países do continente americano dispõem de diretrizes para a AF e, que boa parte das disponíveis aborda a AF de maneira limitada, novas diretrizes nacionais, fundamentadas na complexidade dos determinantes, monitoramento e consequências da AF são necessárias para a orientação e incentivo de políticas de promoção da AF no contexto populacional.

Validity of self-reported body mass and height: relation with sex, age, physical activity, and cardiometabolic risk factors. / Validade da massa corporal e da estatura autorreferidas: relações com sexo, idade, atividade física e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of self-reported body mass and height measurements in adolescents, adults and older adults according to sex, age, leisure-time physical activity level, nutritional status, and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: The study included 856 subjects, aged 12 years or older, who participated in the São Paulo Health Survey (ISA-2015) and who had their body mass and height measured and self-reported. Based on the Body Mass Index (BMI), a classification of nutritional status was made according to standardized criteria for each phase of life. The validation of self-reported data was examined by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Bland-Altman and paired T-Test. Linear regression models were used to estimate the calibration coefficients, and sensitivity and specificity tests were performed. RESULTS: Self-reported body mass and height values tend to be very similar to measured values, with a few exceptions. For the adolescents, an underestimation of height was noted, while for the older adults, an overestimation. There was a consistent underestimation of self-reported body mass among women, and an overestimation of BMI among men who practiced less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week during leisure time. The calibration process of self-reported measures made them more consistent with the values measured, increasing the sensitivity in the classification of nutritional status among women and the specificity among men. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported measures of height, body mass and BMI provided valid and reliable measures, presenting a substantial improvement after calibration.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade da massa corporal e da estatura autorreferidas em adolescentes, adultos e idosos segundo sexo, idade, nível de atividade física no lazer, estado nutricional e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 856 sujeitos, com 12 anos ou mais, que responderam ao Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA-2015) e que possuíam a massa corporal e a estatura autorreferidas e aferidas. Com base no índice de massa corporal, realizou-se uma classificação do estado nutricional de acordo com critérios padronizados para cada fase da vida. A validade das medidas autorreferidas foi examinada usando o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, Bland-Altman e o teste t pareado. Utilizaram-se regressões lineares para elaborar os coeficientes de calibração, e realizaram-se testes de sensibilidade e especificidade. RESULTADOS: Os principais resultados apontam que os valores de massa corporal e estatura autorreferidas tendem a ser bem similares aos aferidos, apesar de algumas exceções. Para os adolescentes, notou-se uma subestimação da estatura, ao passo que, para os idosos, houve superestimação. Com relação à massa corporal, houve consistente subestimação da medida autorreferida entre as mulheres. Entre os homens que praticavam menos de 150 minutos semanais de atividade física no lazer, notou-se superestimação do índice de massa corporal. O processo de calibração das medidas autorreferidas tornou-as mais concordantes com as medidas aferidas, aumentando a sensibilidade na classificação do estado nutricional entre as mulheres e a especificidade entre os homens. CONCLUSÕES: As medidas autorreferidas de estatura, massa corporal e índice de massa corporal forneceram medidas válidas e confiáveis, apresentando melhoras substanciais após a calibração.

Identificação e análise das diretrizes nacionais de atividade física nas Américas / Identification and analysis of national physical activity guidelines in the Americas

Resumo Visto o potencial das abordagens institucionais à promoção da saúde, o presente estudo buscou identificar os países do continente americano que possuem diretrizes nacionais de atividade física (AF) chanceladas por órgãos nacionais de saúde. Em maio de 2019 realizou-se uma revisão de escopo, com buscas em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, sítios eletrônicos dos órgãos nacionais de saúde e contato com integrantes da Rede de Atividade Física das Américas. Foram encontradas diretrizes nacionais de AF em dez dos 36 países pesquisados (27,8%), publicadas entre 2011 e 2018, com maioria nos países da América do Sul (n=6). Todas as diretrizes apresentaram "abordagens e estratégias para a atenção primária em saúde", "recomendações de AF para a saúde" e o "envolvimento de distintos domínios da AF", contudo, poucas diretrizes abordaram o "ambiente construído e infraestrutura" (n=3), assim como "ações de monitoramento e vigilância" (n=5). Pode-se concluir que, ao passo que poucos países do continente americano dispõem de diretrizes para a AF e, que boa parte das disponíveis aborda a AF de maneira limitada, novas diretrizes nacionais, fundamentadas na complexidade dos determinantes, monitoramento e consequências da AF são necessárias para a orientação e incentivo de políticas de promoção da AF no contexto populacional.

Abstract Given the potential of institutional approaches to health promotion, this study sought to identify the countries on the American continent which have national physical activity (PA) guidelines approved by their national health agencies. A scoping review was conducted in May 2019, with a search conducted in five electronic databases, national health agency websites and contacts with members of the Physical Activity Network of the Americas. In all, national PA guidelines were found in ten of the 36 countries surveyed (27.8%), published between 2011 and 2018, the majority being in South American countries (n = 6). All guidelines presented "approaches and strategies for primary health care," "PA recommendations for health," and the "involvement of different PA domains," however, few guidelines addressed "constructed environment and infrastructure" (n = 3), as well as "monitoring and surveillance actions" (n = 5). The conclusion can be drawn that, although few countries on the American continent have guidelines for PA and that the majority of those available address PA in a limited way, new national guidelines, based on the complexity of the determinants, monitoring and consequences of PA are needed to guide and foster policies to promote PA within the population.

Incorporating physical activity in the comprehensive care of people living with HIV starting antiretroviral therapy: Insights from a specialized care setting in São Paulo, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Managing HIV infection as a chronic condition includes encouraging adoption of healthy behaviors and promotion of physical activity (PA). However, people living with HIV (PLH) are often under social and programmatic vulnerability that may compromise behavior change. Understanding such barriers is crucial for successful incorporation of PA in their comprehensive care. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this study, we describe PA, energy intake from diet, and anthropometry of a cohort of PLH starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) at a Brazilian reference clinic, report how PA was addressed in routine care and investigate association between PA, energy intake and psychosocial constructs that may facilitate PA (social support and self-efficacy for PA). Among 61 PLH (86.9% males, mean age = 32.5 years) anthropometry was normal, but 47.5% reported PA below recommendations. Despite presenting high social support scores, family encouragement for PA was low, and self-efficacy classified as medium. Chart reviews yielded infrequent reports concerning PA. After adjusting for gender and age, we found a negative association between energy intake from diet and self-efficacy, but none between PA and energy intake or between PA and psychosocial constructs. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that patients in our cohort were insufficiently active when starting ART, and that PA was poorly addressed by caretakers in routine HIV care. Nevertheless, social support and self-efficacy scores suggest potential for behavioral change. Caregivers should therefore start considering patients' vulnerabilities and establishing strategies to help them overcome barriers to incorporate PA in their comprehensive care effectively.

Changes in total physical activity, leisure and commuting in the largest city in Latin America, 2003-2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of physical inactivity and the average time of practice of total physical activity and by domains (leisure and commuting), according to gender, age group and schooling, between 2003 and 2015, in residents of the urban area of the city of São Paulo. METHODS: Data from Household Health Surveys in the Municipality of São Paulo (2003: n = 2,514; 2015: n = 4,043). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure total, leisure, and commuting physical activity. Results were presented in < 10 minute/week periods, physical inactivity and minutes/week, according to evaluation period, sex, age and schooling. RESULTS: Prevalence of < 10 minutes/week periods in 2003 and 2015 were: 22.5 and 28.9% for the total; 56.7 and 58.3% for leisure; and 35.2 and 39.9% for commuting, with significant change only in the total item, among adolescents (10.3 to 18.8%). For physical inactivity, prevalence rates were: 54.9 and 61.6% (total); 78.2 and 78.9% (leisure); and 72 and 79.9% (commuting), with significant changes only for commuting among adults (67.8 to 77.4%). For the average in minutes per week, in total, there was a significant decrease for female adolescents (138.2 minute/week) and adults with 0-8 (122.6 minutes/week) and 9-11 years (96.7 minutes/week) years of schooling; in commuting, there was a reduction for female adolescents (95 minutes/week); and male adults (95 minutes/week) and female adults (82 minutes/week). CONCLUSIONS: There were no reductions in the prevalence of < 10 min/week periods or leisure physical inactivity. Commuting physical inactivity has become even more common.

Analysis of the degree of implementation of Health Academy Program in a Brazilian midsize town.

In 2011, the Brazilian Minister for Health created the Health Academy Program (Programa Academia da Saúde) as a strategy to promote health and healthy lifestyles. However, the official standards do not seem to be clear enough to support the implementation program in the towns. The aim of this study was to analyse the degree of Health Academy Program implementation in a Brazilian midsize town Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco State, in 2018. This is an evaluative study that carry out a normative approach, considering the dimensions of structure and process related to work process. The research is divided into: (1) elaboration of the theoretical model of evaluation, through the validation of the logical model; (2) verification of the level of implementation, through an interview with workers and managers. The cut-off scores for classification of implementation levels were: (1) incipient: > 0 < 33.3%; (2) intermediate: > 33.3 < 66.6%; (3) advanced: > 66.6%. The level of implementation was considered intermediate (37.54%). The score of the structure was higher (54.76%) than the process (26.06%). The low level of Health Academy Program implementation, especially related to the multi-professional articulation and the difficult connection with other sectors or social actors, shows the necessity of reorganization of the actions.

Mediation role of residential density on the association between perceived environmental factors and active commuting to school in Brazilian adolescents.

The objective of this study was to verify whether residential density and connectivity between streets are mediators on the association between perceived environmental factors and active commuting to school (ACS) in Brazilian adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 1,130 adolescents (52.7% girls) aged between 14 to 20 years, from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Adolescents' self-reported their usual mode of commuting to and from school using a questionnaire and the perceived environmental attributes by Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y). Residential density and connectivity between streets were measured by gographic information systems (GIS), within 1km road network buffers around the participant's residential address. Regression models were fitted according to mediation analyses procedures. The results showed that residential density is a mediator on the association between ACS and perceived environmental factors, including land-use mix diversity (IE = 0.114; 95%CI: 0.130, 0.311; 32% mediation), neighborhood recreation facilities (IE = 0.064; 95%CI: 0.034, 0.105; 15% mediation), and access to services (IE = 0.045; 95%CI: 0.006, 0.104; 14% mediation). Connectivity between streets did not correlate with ACS, thus it was not tested in the mediation model. In conclusion, residential density is a mediator on the relationship between perceived environmental factors and ACS.

Multicomponent physical activity program to prevent body changes and metabolic disturbances associated with antiretroviral therapy and improve quality of life of people living with HIV: a pragmatic trial.

OBJECTIVES: Comprehensive care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLH) includes the promotion of healthier habits, including physical activity (PA). This study aimed to describe a multicomponent pragmatic trial protocol to assess the effect of PA in preventing body changes and metabolic disturbances, improving the quality of life of PLH starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) and present cohort characteristics. METHODS: PLH undergoing ART for ≤4 months were recruited for a randomized trial. The intervention comprised three cardiorespiratory and/or strength training sessions per week at the clinic or in public spaces for 6 months under on-site or remote supervision, and educational sessions. Participants' PA levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometric measures, strength, flexibility, quality of life, and laboratory monitoring (blood glucose and lipids, CD4 counts) at baseline and post-intervention will be compared. The pragmatic design aims to enable the assessment of intervention effectiveness in real-life conditions. RESULTS: At baseline, our cohort of 38 recently diagnosed patients (mean time since HIV diagnosis and duration of ART were 3 and 2.58 months, respectively) were predominantly male, young, with high schooling and good immune status (median CD4 count=498 cells/mm3). Twenty-two (57.9%) patients reported a PA below the World Health Organization recommendations. We found baseline normal anthropometric measures and metabolic parameters: below-average trunk flexion and elbow extension strength, poor handgrip strength and flexibility, and high quality of life scores in all except the physical domain. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how effective PA is in preventing body changes and metabolic disturbances, and in improving the quality of PLH starting ART may help establish guidelines to better incorporate PA in HIV care.

Atividade física para pessoas com deficiência: Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira / Physical activity for people with disabilities: Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population

Visando orientar a população dos benefícios da prática de atividade física à saúde, pesquisadores nacionais, em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde, elaboraram o Guia de Atividade Física para a População Brasileira (Guia). O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o processo de elaboração das recomendações brasileiras de atividade física para pessoas com deficiência (PCD). O processo de elaboração das recomendações específicas para PCD foi liderado por um grupo de trabalho com nove pesquisadores/profissionais que realizaram reuniões semanais, e que conduziram revisões sistemáti-cas e escutas com PCD, familiares, gestores, profissionais da saúde, professores e pesquisadores. Na revisão sistemática, um total de 83 estudos foram revisados e incluídos. As escutas foram realizadas por meio de formulários eletrônicos enviados por e-mail para profissionais, gestores, professores e pesquisadores que trabalhavam com PCD e de escutas virtuais, as quais foram conduzidas em dois momentos: (a) com PCD, familiares e profissionais; (b) com professores, gestores; e pesquisadores da temática. Baseado nos resultados das revisões sistemáticas e das escutas, as recomendações de atividade física para PCD foram elaboradas considerando o tempo mínimo de atividade física de acordo com faixas etárias, domínios da atividade física e recomendações para redução do comporta-mento sedentário. Portanto, o presente trabalho apresentou as estratégias e as etapas utilizadas para a elaboração do Guia, com recomendações de atividade física para PCD, as quais podem ser aliadas a políticas públicas, ambientes e oportunidades de atividade física, tornando-se estratégia essencial para o engajamento de PCD em atividades físicas

Aiming to guide the population of the physical activity benefits to health, national researchers, in partnership with the Health Ministry, have elaborated the Physical Activity Guide for the Brazilian population. The aim of this study is to present the process of elaborating Brazilian physical activity recommendations for people with disabilities (PWD). The process of elaborating specific recommendations for PWD has included the participation of nine researchers/professionals who held weekly meetings, systematic reviews, and focus groups with PWD, caregivers, healthcare managers, professionals, and researchers. In the systematic review, a total of 83 studies were included and reviewed. The focus groups were performed using an electronic form sent by e-mail to health professionals, managers, and researchers who worked with PWD and virtual focus groups, which were conducted in two moments: (a) with PWD, caregivers, and professionals; (b) with pro-fessors and researchers on the theme. Based on the results of systematic reviews and focus groups, the physical activity recommendations for PWD were developed considering the minimum physical activity time accord-ing to age group, types of physical activity, and recommendations for reducing sedentary behavior. Therefore, the present work presented recommendations for physical activity for PWD, which can be combined with public policies, environments, and opportunities for physical activity, becoming an essential strategy for the engagement of PWD in physical activities